Criminal law draws an important line between cognizable and non-cognizable offences. This isn’t just a technical label — it decides how much immediate power the police have.
In cognizable offences, usually the more serious ones like major theft, assault, serious cheating or sexual offences, police can register an FIR and start investigation on their own. They don’t need a prior order from a magistrate and they may have power to arrest without a warrant, depending on the specifics.
Non-cognizable offences are typically less serious. Here, the police’s role is more limited. They may record a complaint, but often need directions from a court to conduct a full investigation or to take strong action. The process is more controlled.
For ordinary people, this classification influences the first step: whether the police station can immediately act on your complaint or directs you to approach the magistrate. If the station refuses to register a cognizable case, you may have additional remedies before higher police officers or courts.
Understanding the difference helps you manage expectations and choose the right legal route instead of feeling completely helpless or confused.