Witnesses are the backbone of most criminal trials. Without them, even strong cases can collapse. Yet many witnesses fear harassment, pressure or endless court visits. Law recognises both their duties and rights.
A witness’s primary duty is to tell the truth about what they saw, heard or know relevant to the case. Giving false evidence or turning hostile under pressure can have legal consequences, though enforcement is uneven. At the same time, witnesses are not supposed to be treated as punching bags by either side.
They have a right to be examined with respect, without unnecessary personal attacks. Courts increasingly try to minimise repeated adjournments so that witnesses don’t have to keep coming back. In sensitive cases, especially involving sexual offences or organised crime, special procedures and protection measures may be used to shield identity or ensure safety.
Many jurisdictions are slowly building witness protection programmes, including relocation, identity change or security support in extreme situations. These steps aim to ensure that people can participate in the justice process without putting their life or dignity at unacceptable risk.